Perfectionism is not one of the official symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but for some people, they may go hand in hand.

Perfectionism is a tendency to strive for flawlessness. From the outside, people may assume someone with ADHD cannot have perfectionism, as they may be prone to making mistakes or losing their focus.

In fact, a 2021 study notes that older research framed the two as opposites that could not coexist. However, more recent research has found that they can.

A 2023 study of students suggests that, in people with ADHD, perfectionism often manifests through negative self-judgment. The participants did not have higher standards for themselves than most individuals, but they criticized themselves more harshly for not meeting them.

In the study, perfectionism also contributed to avoidance, which is when someone avoids a task or event because it is stressful or overwhelming. For example, procrastination is a type of avoidance.

Other potential signs of perfectionism include:

  • spending lots of time on tasks to get them right
  • repeatedly checking work for mistakes
  • missing deadlines rather than submitting work that is not “perfect”
  • having difficulty celebrating successes
  • being very sensitive to criticism, even when constructive

Research has not confirmed what causes perfectionism in people with ADHD. However, an article by the Attention Deficit Disorder Association (ADDA) suggests that it could be due to life experiences.

People who have symptoms such as forgetfulness or difficulty paying attention may make errors or receive frequent criticism from others. In some cases, they may experience punishment for their symptoms.

This could result in anxiety about making mistakes or a desire to meet the standards set by neurotypical people. A person may also internalize the criticism they receive and begin applying it to themselves.

Perfectionism and self-criticism can have a range of harmful effects, such as:

  • low self-esteem
  • anxiety
  • depression

Additionally, a 2021 review mentions older research that showed an association between ADHD, perfectionism, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). According to past research, OCD is fairly common in people with ADHD.

Those with ADHD who experience anxiety or perfectionism may benefit from discussing these symptoms with a therapist, who can help with working out more balanced ways of thinking.

It is also important to practice self-compassion, remembering that ADHD symptoms are not a choice or a moral failing and that they can also come with strengths.